Equisetum arvense - Field Horsetail

Family:	Equisetaceae
Habit:	Perennial
Height:	0.6
Synonyms:
Range:	Arctic and temperate regions of Europe, including Britain, N. America and Asia.

Equisetum arvense (Field Horsetail) is a Perennial which grows to a height of 0.6m . It has a hardness rating of 2.
the seeds ripen from October
The flowers from this plant are and they are pollinated by

Soil Information

Field Horsetail will grow in light (sandy),medium (loamy),hard (clay) soil. It is not necessary for the soil to be well drained.
The soil prefers the following PH / acid levels :
- pH of less than 6, Acidic soils
- pH between 6 and 8, Neutral soils
- pH greater than 8, Basic soils
Field Horsetail prefers either dry or moist soils

Ideal Planting Locations

Field Horsetail can grow in semi or areas with no shade.

Open fields, arable land, waste places, hedgerows and roadsides[9], usually on moist soils[4].

Planting places suited to this plant described below.

• Suits a meadow
• Will grow in a hedge row

Cultivation Details

Prefers poor dusty ground[53, 54]. This rather contradicts another report which says that the presence of this plant indicates underground water[4]. Prefers a moist but well-drained fertile soil with a pH between 6.5 and 7.5[200, 238]. A very cold-hardy species tolerating temperatures down to about -30°c[200]. Plants have a deep and penetrating root system and can be invasive. If grown in the garden they are best kept in bounds by planting them in a large container which can be sunk into the ground[200].

Edible Uses*

* See disclaimer
Edible Rating: 2/5
Strobil (the fertile shoots in spring) - cooked and used as an asparagus substitute[7, 46, 61, 94]. They should be used when young[116] but even so it is probably best to change the water, perhaps 3 - 4 times[85, 102]. One report says that they can be eaten raw[172], they are peeled and the shoot tip is discarded[213]. It is said to be a very tedious operation and they should not be eaten raw in any quantity, see the notes above on toxicity[K]. Some native tribes liked to eat the young vegetative shoots, picked before they had branched out, and would often collect them in great quantity then hold a feast to eat them[257]. The leaf sheaths were peeled off and the stems eaten raw - they were said to be 'nothing but juice'[257]. Roots - raw[61]. The tuberous growths on the rhizomes are used in the spring[172]. The black nodules attached to the roots are edible[257]. It takes considerable effort to collect these nodules so it is normally only done in times of desperation. However, native peoples would sometimes raid the underground caches of roots collected by lemmings and other rodents in order to obtain these nodules[257]. A further report says that the peeled stems, base of the plant, root and tubers were eaten raw by the N. American Indians, the report went on to say that this may be inadvisable[85].

• Root - includes bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes etc.
• Stem - this often intergrades into leaves.

Medicinal Uses*

* See disclaimer
Medicinal Rating: 3/5
Horsetails have an unusual chemistry compared to most other plants[238]. They are rich in silica, contain several alkaloids (including nicotine) and various minerals[238]. Horsetail is very astringent and makes an excellent clotting agent, staunching wounds, stopping nosebleeds and reducing the coughing up of blood[254]. It helps speed the repair of damaged connective tissue, improving its strength and elasticity[254]. The plant is anodyne, antihaemorrhagic, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, galactogogue, haemostatic and vulnerary[4, 7, 9, 20, 21, 46, 61, 165, 172, 218, 240]. The green infertile stems are used, they are most active when fresh but can also be harvested in late summer and dried for later use[4, 9]. Sometimes the ashes of the plant are used[4]. The plant is a useful diuretic when taken internally and is used in the treatment of kidney and bladder problems, cystitis, urethritis, prostate disease and internal bleeding, proving especially useful when there is bleeding in the urinary tract[4, 238, 254]. A decoction applied externally will stop the bleeding of wounds and promote healing[4]. It is especially effective on nose bleeds[7]. A decoction of the herb added to a bath benefits slow-healing sprains and fractures, as well as certain irritable skin conditions such as eczema[254]. The plant contains equisetic acid, which is thought to be identical to aconitic acid. This substance is a potent heart and nerve sedative that is a dangerous poison when taken in high doses[213]. This plant contains irritant substances and should only be used for short periods of time[238]. It is also best only used under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. A homeopathic remedy is made from the fresh plant[7]. It is used in the treatment of cystitis and other complaints of the urinary system[7].

• Anodyne - Relieves pain, it is milder than an analgesic.
• Antiseptic - Preventing sepsis, decay or putrefaction, it destroys or arrests the growth of micro-organisms.
• Astringent - Produces contraction in living tissue, reducing the flow of secretions and discharges of blood, mucus, diarrhoea etc.
• Cardiac - Used in the treatment of heart problems.
• Carminative - Reduces flatulence and expels gas from the intestines.
• Diaphoretic - Induces perspiration.
• Diuretic - Acts on the kidneys, promoting the flow of urine.
• Galactogogue - Promotes the flow of milk in a nursing mother.
• Haemostatic - Controls internal bleeding.
• Homeopathy - A plant used in homeopathic treatments.
• Nervine - Stimulates and calms the nerves.
• Vulnerary - Promotes the healing of wounds.

Propagation

Spores - best collected as soon as they are ripe in the spring and surface-sown immediately on a sterile compost. Keep moist and pot up as soon as the plants are large enough to handle. Very difficult[200]. Division. The plants usually spread very freely when well sited and should not really need any assistance.

Known Hazards

Large quantities of the plant can be toxic. This is because it contains the enzyme thiaminase[172], a substance that can rob the body of the vitamin B complex[65]. In small quantities this enzyme will do no harm to people eating an adequate diet that is rich in vitamin B, though large quantities can cause severe health problems. The enzyme is destroyed by heat or thorough drying, so cooking the plant will remove the thiaminase[172]. The plant also contains equisetic acid - see the notes on medicinal uses for more information[213].

Other Uses

The stems contain 10% silica and are used for scouring metal[4, 7, 20, 94, 102] and as a fine sandpaper[7, 54, 99, 257]. They can also be used as a polish for brass, hardwood etc[94]. The infused stem is an effective fungicide against mildew, mint rust and blackspot on roses[14, 18, 20, 54]. It also makes a good liquid feed[54]. A light pink dye is obtained from the stem[99, 257]. It is yellow-gray according to another report[102]. The plant has been used for making whistles[257].

• Dye - Plants that provide dyes.
• Fungicide - Arrests the growth of, or kills, fungi.
• Liquid feed - Plants that can be used to make a liquid fertilizer.
• Musical - Specific mention of plants used as musical instruments. Does not include the various woods that can be used for making musical instruments.
• Paper - Related to the entry for Fibre, these plants have been specifically mentioned for paper making.
• Polish - Plants used to give a shine to metals, wood etc.
• Sandpaper - Plants used to smooth rough wooden surfaces by means of abrasion.
• Scourer - Used for cleaning pots, pans, plates etc.

Cultivars

no recorded cultivars

References

Flora of the British Isles.
Clapham, Tootin and Warburg.
Author: Clapham, Tootin and Warburg.
Rating:
Publisher : A very comprehensive flora, the standard reference book but it has no pictures.
Date of Publication : 1962

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